The remaining major political parties followed suit. On 14 July Germany became a one-party state with the passage of a law decreeing the Nazi Party to be the sole legal party in Germany. The founding of new parties was also made illegal, and all remaining political parties which had not already been dissolved were banned.
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The Hitler cabinet used the terms of the Reichstag Fire Decree and later the Enabling Act to initiate the process of Gleichschaltung "co-ordination" , which brought all aspects of life under party control. These Commissars had the power to appoint and remove local governments, state parliaments, officials, and judges. In this way Germany became a de facto unitary state , with all state governments controlled by the central government under the Nazis. All civilian organisations, including agricultural groups, volunteer organisations, and sports clubs, had their leadership replaced with Nazi sympathisers or party members; these civic organisations either merged with the Nazi Party or faced dissolution.
The day after, SA stormtroopers demolished union offices around the country; all trade unions were forced to dissolve and their leaders were arrested. The Nazi regime abolished the symbols of the Weimar Republic—including the black, red, and gold tricolour flag —and adopted reworked symbolism. The previous imperial black, white, and red tricolour was restored as one of Germany's two official flags; the second was the swastika flag of the Nazi Party, which became the sole national flag in Germany was still in a dire economic situation, as six million people were unemployed and the balance of trade deficit was daunting.
The SA leadership continued to apply pressure for greater political and military power. On 2 August , Hindenburg died. The previous day, the cabinet had enacted the "Law Concerning the Highest State Office of the Reich", which stated that upon Hindenburg's death the office of president would be abolished and its powers merged with those of the chancellor. The new law provided an altered loyalty oath for servicemen so that they affirmed loyalty to Hitler personally rather than the office of supreme commander or the state.
Most Germans were relieved that the conflicts and street fighting of the Weimar era had ended. They were deluged with propaganda orchestrated by Minister of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda Joseph Goebbels , who promised peace and plenty for all in a united, Marxist-free country without the constraints of the Versailles Treaty. Beginning in April , scores of measures defining the status of Jews and their rights were instituted.
Eventually the Nazis declared the Jews as undesirable to remain among German citizens and society. In the early years of the regime, Germany was without allies, and its military was drastically weakened by the Versailles Treaty.
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Poland suggested to France that the two nations engage in a preventive war against Germany in March Fascist Italy objected to German claims in the Balkans and on Austria , which Benito Mussolini considered to be in Italy's sphere of influence. As early as February , Hitler announced that rearmament must begin, albeit clandestinely at first, as to do so was in violation of the Versailles Treaty.
On 17 May , Hitler gave a speech before the Reichstag outlining his desire for world peace and accepted an offer from American President Franklin D. Roosevelt for military disarmament, provided the other nations of Europe did the same. In , Hitler told his military leaders that a war in the east should begin in When the Italian invasion of Ethiopia led to only mild protests by the British and French governments, on 7 March Hitler used the Franco-Soviet Treaty of Mutual Assistance as a pretext to order the army to march 3, troops into the demilitarised zone in the Rhineland in violation of the Versailles Treaty.
Hitler sent military supplies and assistance to the Nationalist forces of General Francisco Franco in the Spanish Civil War , which began in July The German Condor Legion included a range of aircraft and their crews, as well as a tank contingent. The aircraft of the Legion destroyed the city of Guernica in Schuschnigg scheduled a plebiscite regarding Austrian independence for 13 March, but Hitler sent an ultimatum to Schuschnigg on 11 March demanding that he hand over all power to the Austrian Nazi Party or face an invasion.
German troops entered Austria the next day, to be greeted with enthusiasm by the populace. The Republic of Czechoslovakia was home to a substantial minority of Germans, who lived mostly in the Sudetenland. Under pressure from separatist groups within the Sudeten German Party , the Czechoslovak government offered economic concessions to the region.
The crisis led to war preparations by Britain, Czechoslovakia, and France Czechoslovakia's ally. Attempting to avoid war, British Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain arranged a series of meetings, the result of which was the Munich Agreement , signed on 29 September The Czechoslovak government was forced to accept the Sudetenland's annexation into Germany. Chamberlain was greeted with cheers when he landed in London, saying the agreement brought "peace for our time".
Austrian and Czech foreign exchange reserves were seized by the Nazis, as were stockpiles of raw materials such as metals and completed goods such as weaponry and aircraft, which were shipped to Germany.
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In January , Germany signed a non-aggression pact with Poland. The British announced they would come to the aid of Poland if it was attacked. Hitler, believing the British would not actually take action, ordered an invasion plan should be readied for September He expected this time they would be met by force.
The Germans reaffirmed their alliance with Italy and signed non-aggression pacts with Denmark, Estonia, and Latvia whilst trade links were formalised with Romania, Norway, and Sweden. Germany's wartime foreign policy involved the creation of allied governments controlled directly or indirectly from Berlin. They intended to obtain soldiers from allies such as Italy and Hungary and workers and food supplies from allies such as Vichy France.
Bulgaria signed the pact on 17 November. German efforts to secure oil included negotiating a supply from their new ally, Romania , who signed the Pact on 23 November, alongside the Slovak Republic. Although Japan was a powerful ally, the relationship was distant, with little co-ordination or co-operation.
For example, Germany refused to share their formula for synthetic oil from coal until late in the war. Initially the intention was to deport them further east, or possibly to Madagascar. But little other activity occurred until May, so the period became known as the " Phoney War ". From the start of the war, a British blockade on shipments to Germany affected its economy. Germany was particularly dependent on foreign supplies of oil, coal, and grain.
Denmark fell after less than a day , while most of Norway followed by the end of the month. Against the advice of many of his senior military officers, in May Hitler ordered an attack on France and the Low Countries. In violation of the provisions of the Hague Convention , industrial firms in the Netherlands, France, and Belgium were put to work producing war materiel for Germany.
The Nazis seized from the French thousands of locomotives and rolling stock, stockpiles of weapons, and raw materials such as copper, tin, oil, and nickel.
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Grand Admiral Erich Raeder had advised Hitler in June that air superiority was a pre-condition for a successful invasion of Britain , so Hitler ordered a series of aerial attacks on Royal Air Force RAF airbases and radar stations, as well as nightly air raids on British cities, including London , Plymouth , and Coventry. The German Luftwaffe failed to defeat the RAF in what became known as the Battle of Britain , and by the end of October, Hitler realised that air superiority would not be achieved.
He permanently postponed the invasion, a plan which the commanders of the German army had never taken entirely seriously.
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On 22 June , contravening the Molotov—Ribbentrop Pact, about 3. The invasion conquered a huge area, including the Baltic states, Belarus , and west Ukraine. After the successful Battle of Smolensk in September , Hitler ordered Army Group Centre to halt its advance to Moscow and temporarily divert its Panzer groups to aid in the encirclement of Leningrad and Kyiv. The Moscow offensive, which resumed in October , ended disastrously in December.
Four days later, Germany declared war on the United States. Food was in short supply in the conquered areas of the Soviet Union and Poland, as the retreating armies had burned the crops in some areas, and much of the remainder was sent back to the Reich.
The harvest was good, and food supplies remained adequate in Western Europe. Germany and Europe as a whole were almost totally dependent on foreign oil imports. Losses continued to mount after Stalingrad, leading to a sharp reduction in the popularity of the Nazi Party and deteriorating morale. By the end of , the Germans had lost most of their eastern territorial gains. Many sorties were intentionally given civilian targets in an effort to destroy German morale.
By targeting oil refineries and factories, they crippled the German war effort by late Hitler ordered the destruction of transport, bridges, industries, and other infrastructure—a scorched earth decree—but Armaments Minister Albert Speer prevented this order from being fully carried out. Popular support for Hitler almost completely disappeared as the war drew to a close. Among soldiers and party personnel, suicide was often deemed an honourable and heroic alternative to surrender. First-hand accounts and propaganda about the uncivilised behaviour of the advancing Soviet troops caused panic among civilians on the Eastern Front, especially women, who feared being raped.
High numbers of suicides took place in many other locations, including Neubrandenburg dead , Stolp in Pommern 1, dead , [] and Berlin, where at least 7, people committed suicide in Estimates of the total German war dead range from 5. The Saarland became a protectorate of France under the condition that its residents would later decide by referendum which country to join, and Poland became a separate nation and was given access to the sea by the creation of the Polish Corridor, which separated Prussia from the rest of Germany, while Danzig was made a free city.
Germany regained control of the Saarland through a referendum held in and annexed Austria in the Anschluss of Some of the conquered territories were incorporated into Germany as part of Hitler's long-term goal of creating a Greater Germanic Reich. Several areas, such as Alsace-Lorraine, were placed under the authority of an adjacent Gau regional district.
The Reichskommissariate Reich Commissariats , quasi-colonial regimes, were established in some occupied countries. Areas placed under German administration included the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia , Reichskommissariat Ostland encompassing the Baltic states and Belarus , and Reichskommissariat Ukraine. Part of Poland was incorporated into the Reich, and the General Government was established in occupied central Poland. The Nazis were a far-right fascist political party which arose during the social and financial upheavals that occurred following the end of World War I.
He viewed the government structure as a pyramid, with himself—the infallible leader—at the apex.
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Party rank was not determined by elections, and positions were filled through appointment by those of higher rank. While top officials reported to Hitler and followed his policies, they had considerable autonomy. This led to a bureaucratic tangle of overlapping jurisdictions and responsibilities typical of the administrative style of the Nazi regime.
Jewish civil servants lost their jobs in , except for those who had seen military service in World War I. Members of the Party or party supporters were appointed in their place. In August , civil servants and members of the military were required to swear an oath of unconditional obedience to Hitler.